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Passacaglia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 582
''Passacaglia and Fugue in C minor'' (BWV 582) is an organ piece by Johann Sebastian Bach. Presumably composed early in Bach's career, it is one of his most important and well-known works, and an important influence on 19th and 20th century passacaglias:〔Silbiger, Grove.〕 Robert Schumann described the variations of the passacaglia as "intertwined so ingeniously that one can never cease to be amazed."〔Hans Theodore David, Arthur Mendel, Christoph Wolff. ''The New Bach Reader: A Life of Johann Sebastian Bach in Letters and Documents'', 503. W.W. Norton, 1998. ISBN 0-393-31956-3〕
==History==
The autograph manuscript of BWV 582 is currently considered lost; the work, as is typical for Bach's and contemporary composers' works, is known only through a number of copies. There is some evidence that the original was notated in organ tablature.〔Williams, 182.〕 It is not known precisely when Bach composed the work, but the available sources point to the period between 1706 and 1713. It is possible that BWV 582 was composed in Arnstadt soon after Bach's return from Lübeck〔〔Wolff, 94.〕 (where he may have studied Buxtehude's ostinato works).
The first half of the passacaglia's ostinato, which also serves as the fugue's main subject, was most probably taken from a short work by the French composer André Raison, ''Christe: Trio en passacaille'' from ''Messe du deuxieme ton'' of the ''Premier livre d'orgue''.〔Williams, 183.〕〔Butler, Grove.〕 It is possible that the second half of the ostinato was also taken from Raison, the bass line of ''Christe: Trio en chaconne'' of ''Messe du sixieme ton'' of the same publication is very similar.〔 See ''Example 1'' for Bach's and Raison's themes.
However, some scholars dispute Raison's influence. Bach's work shares some features with north German ostinato works, most notably Buxtehude's two chaconnes (BuxWV 159–160) and a passacaglia (BuxWV 161), and there is clear influence of Pachelbel's chaconnes in several variations and the overall structure.〔Williams, 184–5.〕
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